Physical barriers (apart from wire and ditches) include concrete blocks, beams, and posts, in addition to various improvised obstacles such as vehicles and logs. Spikes and Caltrops Self-evidently, of little…

Both Ukraine and Russia have made use of small UGV's to attack field defences, it is difficult to see a future where these are not a real future threat. Smaller…

Barbed wire and concertina are highly effective against both vehicles and personnel.

Anti-tank ditches (or trenches) are extremely effective, if one has the time and engineering plant.

Counter drone nets and mesh screens, options and discussion

Sandbags and gabions form an essential and enduring component of field defence capability.

A sangar is a protected sentry post, normally located around the perimeter of a base.

Battle trenches and fighting positions for small groups of individual soldiers, crew served weapons, or vehicles, are intended to provide shelter, concealment, and protection from enemy fire. Sometimes in isolation,…